Din        Linguistic Map of the Paleo-Balkan Languages, c. 1st century BC Information and map source: https://bit.ly/2CZfAqY       https://twitter.com/arcgreek/status/1072513592195457029

Din A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN      Carlos Quiles   https://academiaprisca.org/indoeuropean/indoeuropean.htm

C. DACIAN

The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient people of Dacia. It is often considered to have been anorthern variant of the Thracian language or closely related to it.                                                                                                                           There are almost no written documents in Dacian. Dacian used to be one of the major languages of South-Eastern Europe, stretching from what is now Eastern Hungary to the Black Sea shore. Based on archaeological findings, the origins of the Dacian culture are believed to be in Moldavia, being identified as an evolution of the Iron Age Basarabi culture.                                                                                                                                                   It is unclear exactly when the Dacian language became extinct, or even whether it has a living descendant.                                                                                                               The initial Roman conquest of part of Dacia did not put an end to the language, as Free Dacian tribes such as the Carpi may have continued to speak Dacian in Moldavia and adjacent regions as late as the 6^th or 7^th century AD, still capable of leaving some influences in the forming Slavic languages.                                                                            According to one hypothesis, a branch of Dacian continued as the Albanian language (Hasdeu, 1901). A refined version of that hypothesis considers Albanian to be a Daco-Moesian Dialect that split off from Dacian before 300 BC and that Dacian itself became extinct.

Harta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)                                                                                                                                             Historical evidence

The Dacian tribe Buredeense / Buri is attested by the ninth tabula of Europe of Ptolemy’s Geography,^[2] Cassius Dio^[1] and inscriptions.^[6]

Before the battle of Tapae (101) (in the first campaign of Trajan) the Dacian tribe, the Buri, sent Trajan a message to the effect that he should withdraw from Dacia and restore peaceful relations. Their message to him was inscribed on the smooth top of a very large mushroom, in Latin,.^[3][1] This message was unusual enough to become part of a frieze on Trajan’s column.^[3]

In the 6th century a deed issued by Justinian, dated 530 AD, mentions the Burs:^[7]

“Insuper constituimus, tibique damus hic descripta armorum insignia: videlicet: scutum in septem partes divisum; in medio eius, scutum aureum, cui inest aquila dupplex, alba et nigra, quae significat Emblema Imperiale, cuius capita coronata sunt purpureo Imperiali diademate, ex parte dextra in prima divisione scutum rubrum, in cuius medio videtur turris, significans utramque Daciam, in secunda divisione scutum coeleste, cum tribus Burris, quarum duae e lateribus albae sunt, media vero aurea, quae indicat Albaniam superiorem; in tertia sectione scutum album cum uno Leone, indicante Epyrum;

Harta, din https://www.kinderweltreise.de/kontinente/europa/rumaenien/daten-fakten/geschichte-politik/

=================================================                                                        In urma cu ceva ani, am facut doua legaturi:          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)                                                                                           – Una legata de limba bascilor<>proto-iberiana>iberiana, gen: BURU-BISTA=BURU-VISTA=cap-vaz, :                                                                                                                    “CAPetenie de vaza”                                                                                                                            Din mi diccionario de euskera – lexicomas https://lexicomas.wordpress.com/2018/…/mi-diccionario-de-euskera…                  Burjes, burgués                                                                            buru : cabeza [PE. *buru]    (rom.”cap“)                                                                                            bista: vista (facultad de ver)  (rom.”vedere“)

Din http://www.logosdictionary.org/index.php?code=6544658&from=PJ

– alta legata de limba albaneza care pastreaza caracteristici situate la baza trunchiului Indo-European,                                                                                                                            BURE-BISHT= “OM-COADA” !?; o prima asociere conduce la ceva negativ, insa este posibil ca numele adevarat sa fie si sa ramana necunoscut, si aceasta denumire sa reflecte intelegerea contemporanilor sai ca fiind ultimul om adevarat. Nu stiu daca ar putea fi si o legatura cu gr. pistis,pistos:”de incredere” (magh. bistosh:adevarat”, cuvant cu siguranta preluat de la populatia deja existenta in bazinul Panonic). De “comati” (cei cu par in coama, nu poate fi vorba intrucat comati erau patura comuna, de jos,      Taraboste (Dacian nobleman)                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Din Istoria Dacilor | Victor Chiriac – Academia.edu
https://www.academia.edu › Istoria_Dacilor
I i.e.n. pe teritoriul dac se formeaza, sub conducerea lui Burebista un stat incipient cu centrul … Principalele clase fiind insa nobilii ( pileati) si oamenii liberi de rind (comati),

Burebista nu putea sa fie decat din clasa celor instariti tarabostes (ulterior pileati).Foarte interesant este ca in albaneza bisht mai inseamna si mugur, lastar :                                                                                                                                                                                                     Din  Illyrian and Albanian – a linguistic approach – Eupedia Forum
https://www.eupedia.com › threads › page8
The Slavic pseudo- scientific community privately accepts the Illyrian heritage of Albanians, but …… bisht [m] (tg) ‘tail, brush; stalk, stem‘ Probabil cu intelesul de om de la origine,nativ. Atentie, Kurd. bistî “tulpina,peduncul,vrej”

Din Scythian Onomasticon http://www.v-stetsyuk.name/en/Scythian/Onomasticon.html                Βιστησ (biste:s) – Kurd. bistî “stalk” or bista “trusty” or bista “lover”

Altfel radacinile BUR,BURE si BIST,BISTA m-au condus la:                                                    ==== a se parcurge rapid pana la urmatoarea linie dubla intrerupta ========                                                                                                                                                                     BUR,BURE

(PDF) A Critical Review of Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic Dictionary – ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net › publication
Dec 16, 2015 · Was Nostratic a root- isolating or a stem-isolating language? (pp. 44) …… *buRu (or *buRü) ‘to break’: strong.

(Latin bura f (genitive burae); first declension beam of a plough, genitive burae /rom.:barna plugului)                                                                                                                                Din Latvian Etymology                                                                                                                           Cognate to Lithuanian bùrė (“sail”). Ultimately perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to swell”) (whence also bozt) with a suffix -rā- whence Proto-Baltic *burā- whence the Latvian term with the initial meaning of “that which inflates.” It is possible that the Lithuanian term is a borrowing from Latvian (Nieminen, Fraenkel). Of the same origin are the dialectal terms būra, būris (“crowd”), compare Lithuanian būrỹs (“crowd”), Sanskrit भूरि (bhū́ri, “plentiful; numerous”). [The usual meaning of būris (“cage”) is unrelated, this is a borrowing from Middle Low German.]                                                                                                                                                   A different opinion (Pokorny, Endzelīns) is that this term is to be linked with Ancient Greek φᾶρος (phâros), φάρος (pháros, “fabric, canvas”) from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to weave”) or, according to a different opinion (Mikola, Nieminen, Fraenkel), the term is borrowed from Livonian pūŗaz (< *purri), compare Finnish purje (“id.”) However, no forms with p-have been recorded in Latvian dialects.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Polish bura inflection of bury:  Etymology Possibly Latin burrus Etymology     From Ancient Greek πυρρός (purrhós, “flame colored”), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). burrus (feminine burra, neuter burrum); first/second declension red, reddish–brown. genitive burrae                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Serbo-Croatian From Proto-Slavic *burja, akin to Bulgarian and Russian буря (burja), Slovene burja, Slovak búrka and búrať (“to crush”). Non-Slavic cognates include Old Norse byrr (“fair wind”), Latin furō (“I rage, rave”), Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “to stir, palpitate”).                                                                 bora (wind)                                                                                                                                bȕra f (Cyrillic spelling бу̏ра) bora (wind)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Polish bure inflection of bury: bury m brownish dark grey dark grey with spots                                                                                                                                               Serbo-Croatian bȕre n (Cyrillic spelling бу̏ре) barrel

Din https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%BAra                                                                      Hungarian Etymology 1 From the bur- stem of burít (“to cover”), the dialectal variant of borít (“to cover”). Created during the Hungarian language reform which took place in the 18th–19th centuries. For similar derivations, see csusza, inga.                        búra (plural búrák) dome-shaped covering; usually transparent or translucent

Din https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bur                                                                                                Istro-Romanian Etymology From Latin bonus, from Old Latin duenos, later duonus, from Proto-Italic *dw-enos, from Proto-Indo-European *dew- (“to show favor, revere”).      bur m (feminine burĕ, neuter buro)good                                                                                      Latvian bur from burt  1st conj., pres. buru, bur, bur, past būru                                                   to conjure, to practice magic

Din Dictionary of American Family Names
https://books.google.ro › books
… or from Büren in Westphalia. The last is named with Middle Low German bur ‘dwelling’ , ‘settlement’.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/buriz                               Proto-Germanic Etymology 1 From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”).   *buriz m  male offspring; son

Descendants Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur)                                                                                                 Etymology 2 From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”). *buriz f elevation; hill                                                                                                          Descendants Old High German: bur, pur, bor; burī Middle High German: bor; büre German: Bor Alemannic: Büri                                                                        Etymology 3 From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”).                           *buriz m  favourable wind                                                                                                       Descendants Old Frisian: *bure West Frisian: bur Old Saxon: *buri Middle Low German: bore (in derivative: borelōs)

German Surnames – Behind the Name – Behind the Surname
https://surnames.behindthename.com › g…
Variant of BAYER. BAMBACH German Variant of BAUMBACH. BAUER German From Old High German bur meaning “peasant, farmer”

Careful/ Attention !                                                                                                                                             This post is not a decipherment or reading of any actual written content of Tartaria tablets. Given that the signs do not belong to a single writing system but to several, the page has a purely didactic character. It has the role of trying and testing different writings, in the idea that the tablets would have used one of them. The signs on the tablets belong to several writing systems over a long period of time and which have been used in different geographical areas. In none of the trials did the signs fall into a single type of writing, there always remained signs that came from other writings (or as coming from the unknown). Most of the signs come from the Sumerian proto-cuneiform -shaped ones. The signs in the upper half of the round tablet seem to come from archaic Greek writing. This “collection” of signs seems to be the fruit of one’s rich imagination. As A. Falkenstein and A. A. Vaiman found, (this is also my firm opinion) the author was not a scribe, he had only vague notions about writing in general, and it is not known what he intended  or he was after. There are many elements of inconsistency as well as others that take the tablets out of the usual patterns and norms of honest logic, writing and intentions.

==========                                                                                                                                                   …Today when write is 27-th of April 2019 Pass-over evening,…………   

From    Precursor to Paleo-Hebrew Script Discovered in Jerusalem https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/precursor-to-the-paleo-hebrew-script-discovered-in-jerusalem/

<< During the 2012 excavations at the southern wall of the Temple Mount, archaeologist Eilat Mazar discovered an inscription with the earliest alphabet letters ever found in Jerusalem. The inscription—carved on a storage jar—is written in the Proto-Canaanite script and dates to the 11th or 10th century B.C.E. >>

Quite late for our endeavour related to Tartaria tablets, no !??                                                          =======================================   

Tartaria round tablet picture, from : https://cogniarchae.com/2015/10/29/tartaria-tablets-connection-between-vinca-and-proto-linear-b-script/

                                                                             Some years before, (more than ten), particularly the upper half of the tablet attracted me, cause of the shape of the signs, similar to modern letters. It is about the “H”,”D/P” (on the left) and “D”,”O”-like signs (on the right).                                                                                     ———————————————————————–                                                                               “H”-like sign is allmost identical with old canaanite,phoenician, old hebrew letter  “het”.                                           From The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet
By Jeff A. Benner http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/alphabet_letters_hhet.html

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Early hebrew letter Hhet:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   From  Gezer Calendar – Agricultural Almanac http://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/GezerEN.html

                 See at the beginning of every row (reading R>L),  yrh= yarach=”MONTH” 

  From  http://aplaceofbrightness.blogspot.com/2008/11/moonlight-in-romania-tartaria-tablets_21.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         HP seem to be paleo-hebrew letters Heth/Chet and Qof  , so H-P=Kh-Q= COKH, kokh (no matter reading L>R or R>L!)                                                                                                          From  https://www.cram.com/flashcards/hebrew-letters-focus-israel-2253556                                                                                      kokh:”loculus, niche”                                                                                                                               Din The Ossuary of James – The Nazarene Way https://www.thenazareneway.com/ossuary_of_james.htm                                       “The ossuary was then placed in a niche (loculi or kokh) area of the burial cave”                  <<If letters Het-Dalet, would be first letters of the word KODESH=”holy” ?                        WORD STUDY – HOLY – Chaim Bentorah http://www.chaimbentorah.com/2013/08/word-study-holy/                I have found a meaning for the word kodesh (holy)>> 

  From  Remains of Ancient Days – LA Times https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-02-27-ca-33395-story.html                                                                                                                      “Bodies were first placed in a kokh–a deep, narrow cave–or on an … dead were collected and put into an ossuary, a large, usually lidded stone box.”                                 Attention,                                                                                                                                                 At would have an ossuary, as allmost all scientists agree that at Tartaria was an ossuary indeed, related to an “secondary burial” ritual. 

Din https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_burial

<< Artificial mounds and other, clearly visible, above-ground structures have been re-used since the New Stone Age (and even in later times, often by much later cultures) for burials of bodies, bones or cremated remains (in urns). These more recent burials, of whatever form, are referred to by archaeologists as secondary burials. They are found in grave mounds, usually in those areas of the site that could at the same time be extended. In larger dolmens, passage graves, stone cists, etc. the re-use of the interior space available was usually closer in time to the original burial (e.g. by the Globular Amphora culture), if necessary also accompanied by the removal or addition of secondary chambers (as in the Megalithic tombs of Hagestad). The mounds of the megalithic tombs, which were usually covered with earth, were re-used following a similar shape as the original grave mound.   …………..                                                                                                       Some more well-known examples include the megaliths from the late Funnel Beaker culture, the stringent procedures in the single burial graves of the Battle Axe culture, and the uniqueness of the Pitted Ware Culture.^[

Din     Jesus and the Ossuaries Craig A. Evans https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-24WMy5xUmJTIhJRbucErA4SETQgoh9Bw2vTS3–kZY/edit

<< The use of ossuaries, or small caskets meant to hold only bones and not the undecomposed corpse itself, is ancient and finds a close parallel in the use of astodans (or “ossuaries”) by the ancient Persians (Yamauchi 1990, 61–63). The evidence for secondary burial in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Palestine is considerable. …….

ossuaries themselves were then placed in a room, often stacked. They were sometimes placed in the niches themselves or in the central chamber. (In a tomb at Jericho four ossuaries were found in a single niche; cf. Hachlili 1979, 56–57.) There are burial inscriptions in which the word kokh appears: “This kokh [hkwk] was made for the bones of our fathers. Length two cubits. Not to be opened!” (CIJ no. 1300; Fitzmyer and Harrington 1978, 168–69; Meyers 1971, 66). Kokh can also be spelled qwq (qoq), as in this poorly preserved inscription: “This is the kokh [aqwq] of . . . Alas! And his daughter” (CIJ no. 1222; Fitzmyer and Harrington 1978, 182–83).   ……..

In contrast to this custom (i.e. cremation), the Jewish people buried their dead (as did also many Greeks and Romans), later gathering the bones and plac- ing them in containers or a vault set aside for this purpose. The practice of gathering the bones [liqut ‘azamot] of the deceased is called ossilegium, or “secondary burial” (cf. y. Moe‘ed Qatan 1.5, 80c: “At first they would bury them in ditches, and when the flesh had decayed, they would gather the bones [meliqtin et ‘azamot] and bury them in ossuaries”; (Rahmani 1994b, 193–94; for introductory discussion, see Gafni 1981; Silberman 1991; McCane 2000). How far back this practice may be traced and where the practice originated are major questions that lie at the heart of the debate surrounding the significance of the numerous ossuaries found in and around Jerusalem, dating to the Herodian period. …..

Meyers (1970, 12–13) acknowledges that concepts of the ossuary in Palestine may well have been influenced by designs and artwork from the Aegean world that were introduced to the Philistines. But this influence, if any, is quite ancient and in any case coincided with prac- tices to which the inhabitants of Palestine were well accustomed.  ……>>

Apropos de faptul ca la Tartaria este absent craniul:

<<The absence of the skull, which in the possession of Herod’s angry and vengeful wife would surely not have been properly buried and therefore would never have been rejoined to the rest of John’s body, would make resurrection all the more doubtful, at least a resurrection before the time of the general resurrection and judgment.>>

From The Galilean Economy in the Time of Jesus https://books.google.ro/books?isbn=1589837584 David A. Fiensy, ‎Ralph K. Hawkins – 2013 – ‎Religion

Din https://www.academia.edu/2227970/Ancient_Hebrew_Lexicon_of_the_Bible

————————————————                                                                                                         (?? KOKHAION <?>KOGAION =”niche, loculus, pit-grave forever ??) …atention in GAION,HERAION ,AION part is attaching the meaning “forever duration” of a construction so “temple, shrine”, temple, shrine of Ge, temple of Hera. Horos and temenos has also the meanings of a sacred area, domain, precinct  : LOCULUS,PIT/GRAVE- SACRED DOMAIN                                                                                               AION LOCULUS,PIT-GRAVE                                                                                                            ——————————————————————————   

If  the signs  HQ    are read from right to left, we have QACh

 From    https://standingintheeleventhhour.wordpress.com/tag/adam/                        ” Appearing in many forms, qach is used 965 times in the Scriptures “in the widest variety of applications”. “marrying (as in “Avram and Nachor took wives…” Gen 11:29) and even the buying of goods! Common to any use of qach is the act of removing an entity from its original place or owner, such as the taking away sheep from the flock(as Rachael instructed Yaakov, “fetch me from two kids of the goats… Gen 27:9) buying a field or grain from the market (e.g. Proverbs 31:16, Nehemiah 5:3), and even marriage (e.g. as in “Avram and Nachor took wives…” Gen 11:29). In all contexts, qach describes the act of “taking away” something to a new owner or new place, as in the context of Gen. 2:15. YHVH Elohim takes Adam away from the place he was formed to the newness of the Garden.”

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++                                                 Until some days bevore, I was convinced that in canaanite, paleo-hebrew writings, there was not used dalet in the modern D shape, only triangle-shaped as Delta is.,                          But recently I’ve found that D-shape was used                                                                       From http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/03/qeiyafa-ostracon-inscription-this-large.html

                                                                                  [1] ‘ L T ` Sh  [Q] W? ` B D ‘ [L?] :  Z/T? H/Y?

[2] Sh P Tt . B W ‘ L M  [? ] [Sh] P Tt

[3] G L [Y/W?] [ T?] B ` L  S?  R? H/S? [ ]  Y?

[4] ‘ [ Q] M W N  Q? M Y B/Kh? D M L K .

[5] ‘ Q w/y M ` B D m? sh/m? Y : Ss? D Q T                                                                                  Notice that the direction of writing is from left to right (dextrograde), which is the opposite of the order for Biblical Hebrew, and also for ancient Phoenician, Hebrew, and Moabite inscriptions (right to left, sinistrograde); but there is general agreement that this is the way this text runs. The pattern for this is set in the Izbet Sartah ostracon: it also has 5 lines of text; the fifth has the letters of the script (from ‘Aleph to T) running from left to right, and the other 4 lines are obviously dextrograde also (lines1 to 3 leave a space at the end; 4 runs over into the end-space of 5).
However, Christopher Rollston has said on rollstonepigraphy.com:
“Prior to the rise of the Phoenician script, Northwest Semitic inscriptions could be written sinistrograde (right to left), dextrograde (left to right), or boustrophedon (one line left to right, and the next line right to left).  Of course, sometimes NWS inscriptions could even be written vertically.  Many people seem to be reading the Qeiyafa ostracon as dextrograde in its entirety.  ……………………….                                         There is a pantheon leaping out at us in the same way: the storm-god Baal (B`L) in line 3, the mysterious Molek (MLK) in 4, the mother goddess Elat (‘LT) in 1, the chief god El (‘L) or all the gods (‘LM) in line 2 ”    ……………….                                                                            In the Bronze Age the proto-alphabetic sign for Sh was the sun (the disc with a protecting serpent), and the Babylonian sun-god Shamash (the sun being the all-seeing eye, with the stars as the spies by night) was the minister for justice in the celestial government.

From EARLY HEBREW SYLLABARY                                                                                             The Lost Link.The Alphabet in the Hands of the Early Israelites Brian E. Colless Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand   http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2014/04/                                                                                               This phenomenon could have a connection with the trio of ’Alephforms on the Qeiyafa Ostracon. But my idea goes further than that: in the early “Israelian” Hebrew alphabet each of its twenty-two letters had two additional forms, making a total of sixty-six signs. In fact, the system was not a simple consonantary (which the Phoenician alphabet certainly was, in the Iron Age) but a syllabary.     ………….                                      The first situation seems to fit the case, as the neo-consonantary is attesested around 1500 BCE, and the neo-syllabary appears around 1200 BCE.                                                       Ayin in the Phoenician alphabet, as also on the Zayit Stone, is a circle, but without the centre-dot that is characteristic of the sign in the south in Iron Age I. However, on the Beth-Shemesh Ostracon [7] there is one of each, leading to the suspicion that the empty circle is the syllable ‘I.       …………..                                                                    Then comes ‘Ayin with no dot, so it is ‘I. The Lamed here is not the same as the one further on, and I will not make a decision on their respective sounds; but it might be LI. Hence Shumiba`ili  (“name of Ba`al”) 

  From inscriptions – cryptcracker cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/04/timna-inscriptions-copper-mines-at.html                                                                                                                          “The oval on the right has the following signs: `(ayin), Z (properly Dh), … The other oval has the sun symbol at the top (Sh, from shimsh ‘sun‘, …” 

https://sites.google.com/site/collesseum/cuneiformalphabet
o 	s  S(sh+th)  O 	shimsh: sun (but without serpent)

 From syllabary – cryptcracker                                                      cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2007/03/oldest-west-semitic-inscriptions-these.html

 ———————————————————-                                                                                              In the text transcript, I coloured intentionaly Ayin (transcript ` ), Lamed and Dalet.          In  “DDoc” sequence, we could have the signs  o=Aiyn (see folowing alphabet) and c =L (Lamed, Qeiyafa ostracon)                                                                                                                                              Aici se poate vedea mai bine Ayin: Din http://www.abrahamsdescendants.com/hebrew.html

                        ———————————————————                                                                                           But as presented above, the circle possible has the folowing (succeding?) equivalents:    – Ayin                                                                                                                                                         – “SUN” shimsh-logogram                                                                                                                      –syllable ‘I.    =AI                                                                                                                                     – S                                                                                                                                                              So:                                                                                                                                                               D D o C = Dalet, Dalet, ‘=Ain=`?/I?/S? /,  Lamed ?                                                                                        D-D-  `/s- L? >> “DoD  `L“, DoD AL:               =          “uncle/BELOVED- AL  ” ; 

                   Attention, in Tartaria, have no  alef-lamed, AL:”EL, god El (‘L) but ayin-lamed, OL=”AL” ! 

.

Atentie!                                                                                                                                                                  Aceasta postare nu este o o descifrare sau citire a unui presupus continut scris real. Avand in vedere ca semnele nu apartin unui unic sistem de scris ci mai multora, pagina are un caracter pur didactic. Are rolul de a incerca si testa diferite scrieri in idea ca pe tablite s-ar fi folosit unul din ele. Semnele de pe tablite apartin mai multor sisteme de scrisi dintr-larg interval de timp si care au folosite in diferite arii geografice. In niciuna din incercari semnele nu s-au incadrat intr-un singur tip de scriere, totdeauna au ramas semne care au provenit din alte scrieri (sau din necunoscut). Cele mai multe semne provin din cele sumeriene proto-cuneiforme.Apoi privind asemanarea, in ordine descrescatoare este aceea cu semnele Linear A/B si cele Anatoliene. Semnele din jumatatea superioara a tablitei rotunde par a proveni din scrierea arhaica greceasca.Cel mai degraba aceasta “adunatura” de semne pare a fi rodul imaginatiei bogate a cuiva.Dupa cum au constatat A.Falkenstein si A.A.Vaiman, (aceasta fiind si parerea mea ferma) autorul nu a fost un scrib, avea doar vagi notiuni privind scrisul in general si nu se stie ce a urmarit. Exista multe elemente de neconcordanta precum si altele care scot tablitele din tiparele si normele uzuale ale  logicii, scrisului si intentiilor oneste.

.===================                                                                                                                          .Intamplarea face ca azi este sambata, 27 Aprilie 2019, ajunul Pastilor………….    Tablita rotunda de la Tartaria:  https://neptest1.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/imagine-mare.jpg?w=465&h=310

                                                   In urma cu mai multi ani, m-a atras in mod special, si ca atare am inceput sa ma ocup prioritar de citirea jumatatii de sus, fiind atras de asemanarea  semnelor cu litere (relativ moderne).                                                                                                                           M-au preocupat semnele “H” ; “D/P” din stanga se cele D si O din dreapta.  ———————————————————————–                                                                                                         Daca semnul “H” este identic cu litera veche ebraica “het”.                                             Din The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet
By Jeff A. Benner http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/alphabet_letters_hhet.html

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Early hebrew letter Hhet:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Din  Gezer Calendar – Agricultural Almanachttp://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/GezerEN.html                 Vedeti in fiecare rand, (citire dr>stg.),la inceput yrh= yarach=”LUNA” 

  Din http://aplaceofbrightness.blogspot.com/2008/11/moonlight-in-romania-tartaria-tablets_21.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         HP par a fi literele vechi ebraice Heth/Chet si Qof  , deci H-P=Kh-Q= COKH, kokh (indiferent daca citim de la stg.>dr. sau de la Dr>Stg!)                                                            Din  https://www.cram.com/flashcards/hebrew-letters-focus-israel-2253556                                                                                      kokh:”nisa,locsor”                                                                                                                               Din The Ossuary of James – The Nazarene Way https://www.thenazareneway.com/ossuary_of_james.htm                                       “The ossuary was then placed in a niche (loculi or kokh) area of the burial cave”                  <<daca ar fi literele Het-Dalet, ar putea fi primele litere ale cuvantului KODESH=”sfant”      WORD STUDY – HOLY – Chaim Bentorah http://www.chaimbentorah.com/2013/08/word-study-holy/                                                  Aug 13, 2013 – I have found a meaning for the word kodesh (holy)>> 

    Remains of Ancient Days – LA Times https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-02-27-ca-33395-story.html                                                                                                                      “Bodies were first placed in a kokh–a deep, narrow cave–or on an … dead were collected and put into an ossuary, a large, usually lidded stone box.” 

  Din Ancient Jewish Epitaphs: An Introductory Survey of a Millennium of …https://books.google.ro/books?isbn=9024233070                                                                     Pieter Willem van der Horst, ‎Pw van der Horst – 1991 – ‎Religion

                             Atentie,                                                                                                                                                 la Tartaria avem de-a face cu osuar, oase care prezinta caracteristicile unui ritual de ingropare secundara a lor (“secondary burial”)                                                                           ————————————————                                                                                                         (?? KOKHAION <?>KOGAION =”nisa,locsorul,mormantul Vesnic??)                                       ——————————————————————————                                                                 Pana mai ieri, aveam convingerea ca in scrierile canaanita si ebraica nu s-a folosit deloc semnul D ci numai sub forma triunghiulara, gen delta.                                               Ca relativ recent sa aflu ca s-a folosit forma “D“                                                                      Din http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/03/qeiyafa-ostracon-inscription-this-large.html

                                                                                  [1] ‘ L T ` Sh  [Q] W? ` B D ‘ [L?] :  Z/T? H/Y?

[2] Sh P Tt . B W ‘ L M  [? ] [Sh] P Tt

[3] G L [Y/W?] [ T?] B ` L  S?  R? H/S? [ ]  Y?

[4] ‘ [ Q] M W N  Q? M Y B/Kh? D M L K .

[5] ‘ Q w/y M ` B D m? sh/m? Y : Ss? D Q T                                                                                  Notice that the direction of writing is from left to right (dextrograde), which is the opposite of the order for Biblical Hebrew, and also for ancient Phoenician, Hebrew, and Moabite inscriptions (right to left, sinistrograde); but there is general agreement that this is the way this text runs. The pattern for this is set in the Izbet Sartah ostracon: it also has 5 lines of text; the fifth has the letters of the script (from ‘Aleph to T) running from left to right, and the other 4 lines are obviously dextrograde also (lines1 to 3 leave a space at the end; 4 runs over into the end-space of 5).
However, Christopher Rollston has said on rollstonepigraphy.com:
“Prior to the rise of the Phoenician script, Northwest Semitic inscriptions could be written sinistrograde (right to left), dextrograde (left to right), or boustrophedon (one line left to right, and the next line right to left).  Of course, sometimes NWS inscriptions could even be written vertically.  Many people seem to be reading the Qeiyafa ostracon as dextrograde in its entirety.  ……………………….                                         There is a pantheon leaping out at us in the same way: the storm-god Baal (B`L) in line 3, the mysterious Molek (MLK) in 4, the mother goddess Elat (‘LT) in 1, the chief god El (‘L) or all the gods (‘LM) in line 2 ”                                                                                                       ———————————————————-                                                                                              In transcriptia textului, intentionat am colorat literele Ayin (ranscris cu accent grav ` ), Lamed si Dalet.                                                                                                                                       In secventa “DDoc” am putea avea semnele o=Aiyn (vezi alfabetul) si c =L (Lamed, Qeiyafa ostracon)                                                                                                                                  Aici se poate vedea mai bine Ayin: Din http://www.abrahamsdescendants.com/hebrew.html

                        ———————————————————                                                                                           D D o C = Dalet, Dalet, ‘=Ain?/s?,  Lamed ?                                                                                        D-D-  `/s- L? >> “DoD  `L“, DoD AL:               =          “uncle/BELOVED- AL  ” ;                      Atentie, in Tartaria, nu avem alef-lamed, AL:”EL, god El (‘L) ci ayin-lamed, OL=”AL” !   

Please see and compare: From Amanda Laoupi: the Pelasgians spiritual substratum of the Bronze Age Mediterranean and circum-Pontic world (4)

Cnossian coin depicting the Labyrinth with half moon or Venus’ horn symbol.
431-350 BCE (After Bilić, 2006, p. 43)

And Vinca: From http://oldeuropeanculture.blogspot.com/2016/12/newgrange.html

Also vinca; From https://www.slideshare.net/

From https://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/ESCRITURAS_ANTIGUA/Escrituras_3__antiguas_BALKAN_DANUBE-SCRIPT.htm

                                                                                                              Neolithic “book” from Gradesnica, near Vraca, NW Bulgaria, early 5^th mill. BC

Atentie!                                                                                                                                                                  Aceasta postare nu este o o descifrare sau citire a unui presupus continut scris real. Avand in vedere ca semnele nu apartin unui unic sistem de scris ci mai multora, pagina are un caracter pur didactic. Are rolul de a incerca si testa diferite scrieri in idea ca pe tablite s-ar fi folosit unul din ele. Semnele de pe tablite apartin mai multor sisteme de scrisi dintr-larg interval de timp si care au folosite in diferite arii geografice. In niciuna din incercari semnele nu s-au incadrat intr-un singur tip de scriere, totdeauna au ramas semne care au provenit din alte scrieri (sau din necunoscut). Cele mai multe semne provin din cele sumeriene proto-cuneiforme.Apoi privind asemanarea, in ordine descrescatoare este aceea cu semnele Linear A/B si cele Anatoliene. Semnele din jumatatea superioara a tablitei rotunde par a proveni din scrierea arhaica greceasca.Cel mai degraba aceasta “adunatura” de semne pare a fi rodul imaginatiei bogate a cuiva.Dupa cum au constatat A.Falkenstein si A.A.Vaiman, (aceasta fiind si parerea mea ferma) autorul nu a fost un scrib, avea doar vagi notiuni privind scrisul in general si nu se stie ce a urmarit. Exista multe elemente de neconcordanta precum si altele care scot tablitele din tiparele si normele uzuale ale  logicii, scrisului si intentiilor oneste.

== Ca urmare a unei reconsiderari, astazi, 15 apr.’19 am corectat articolul cu urmatoarele:   ===                 Tablitele prezinta doua caracteristici fundamentale si ireconciliabile (cel putin aparent):                            – o “adunatura” de semne aparent si in primul rand pregnant de factura sumeriana, dar totodata comune ariilor Sumeriana, Anatoliana si Egeeana.                                                                              – semne relativ noi (het=heta=eta) si chiar moderne (D).

Acest fapt conduce in mod direct la problematica unei scrieri care a urmat un curs natural intr-un timp foarte indepartat, respectiv a unui creator/scrib onest sau a unei scrieri care dintr-un motiv sau altul creeaza impresia unei scrieri foarte vechi, si este de fapt ar putea fi mult mai noua. 

Este adevarat ca aceste doua aspecte se pot concilia simplu.                                               Daca “scriitorul” care evident nu stapanea bine semnele (novice daca nu era chiar  iliterat; dovada ca a adunat multe semne din arii si perioade diferite), ar apartine unei perioade relativ moderne.                                                                                                                 ========================================                                                                       Aceasta este postarea precedenta; a fost doar o ipoteza.  Se pare ca abrevierea latina DDOC=”decretorum doctores” nu este unica si nici nu a fost larg folosita. Nici nu-i suspectez pe preoti de atat de multa inteligenta (incat sa adune semne apropiate acelora sumeriene sau din 2.000-3.000 B.C.).                                                                                                        De fapt intregul grup de semne este complex si implica o cunoastere reala a multor semne folosite in antichitate.                                                                                                            Ca ar putea avea legatura cu magia, da; ar putea fi chiar foarte plauzibil pentru orice perioada de timp (in acest caz se puteau folosi combinatii magice de semne sau litere.)     

<<Alte posibile titluri:                                                                                                                   “CUM AR PUTEA SA-SI BAGE COADA SCAROTCHI IN STIINTA”                                              “O POSIBILA DEVOALARE A UNUI FALS DE MARI PROPORTII”

Nici-un scrib, apartinand oricarei epoci, daca avea intentii serioase, respectiv de a scrie, nu a folosit decat sistemul de scris corespunzator epocii in care a trait; nu se cunosc cazuri in care vre-un scrib sa demonstreze cunostinte enciclopedice, respectiv de a aduna aduna si etala semne din diferite epoci, ori de a folosi separat! pe o alta tablita semne pur pictografice folosite eventual cu sute de ani inainte !

ATENTIE: In conditiile in care:                                                                                                            – ajutorul primit din partea arheologilor  a fost atat de substantial incat si daca lipsea nu cred ca era mare diferenta.                                                                                                                                – cei care s-au aplecat spre semnele continute au alocat un timp insuficient si nu toata atentia, o parte din dansii neavand abilitati native in domeniul semiologiei                           – asupra  tablitelor si scriitorului privind originea in timp si spatiu planeaza o adanca incertitudine                                                                                                                                      NU PUTEAM AVEA ASTEPTARI IN PRIVINTA UNEI INTERPRETARI (CITIRI) CONCRETE, ULTIMATIVE  SI UNICE;                                                                                                                      ACEASTA AR FI POSIBIL DACA SI NUMAI DACA AM AVEA CONFIRMAREA CELUI CE LE-A SCRIS                                                                                                                                                    ———————————————————————                                                                               In postarile trecute, am avansat ipoteza ca cineva din anturajul Zsofiei Torma sau din cei cu acces la artefactele Transilvane ar fi putut sa fi avut legatura cu tablitele de la Tartaria. Nu mai departe, in ultimele randuri ale unei postari chiar de astazi am reiterat aceasta posibilitate, facand de exemplu referinta la cercetarile lui Karoly Torma in siturile daco-romane.                                                                                                                        Ca sa gasesc:                                                                                                                                      Full text of “Enciclopedia română; publicată din insărcinarea și sub auspiciile …” https://archive.org/stream/enciclopediarom00diacgoog/enciclopediarom00diacgoog_djvu.txt

“Torma Kăroly, Adaltt eezak-nyugati Dâoia f91d- es hely- iratihoz (1863) şi A L. daacus fels6 risze (1880); FrShiich B., (Aidi. Ert, 1892) : Or. O. Tooilesoa, Raport asupra lucrarile de explorare întreprinse la L. alutanna. (Anal. Aoad. Bom., sena II, tom. XVIII. Partea adm. şi deabat p. 97). V. şi Valal lui Tnuati. …………………..                                                             Odinioară era aici castrul roman aperat de >Cohors I Britanicas milliaria* (cives Romanorom). In momi castelnlni (Andva id Iui Bocsk^, iar aoum al oontelni Mignel Eszter- hâzy s a aflat o inscripţie romană de ca^insnl, <A sub împeratul Gordian Ia 239 d. Chr., Valeriu Valentin, edilul Napocei (Cluj) făcend o noaă conscripţie de dare pentru ţinuturile Someşului dincolo de val, ou ocasia petrecerei sale în Ne- mesis (Cheşeiu) a consacrat acolo un altar. Această inscripţie a dat îndemn lui Torma Căroly să facă studii asupra valuloi >UmeB dacicus*. ………………….                                 Manavat, un deu al Romanilor din Dacia. Originea lui e din Palmyra. Amintirea lui se află intr-o inscriptiune (Torma Caroly nr. 44). Dupa o inscripţiune a lui P. Aelîus Theimes, M. e re- gele deilor. (v. Halk-bal.) [Atm.] ……………….                                                     Manavat, un deu roman în Dacia, amintit într’o inscripţiune (Torma Karoly, Nr. 44). M– se află şi la Arabi şi e deu al lunei. 

http://rediva.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ReDIVA_I_2013.pdf                                    The young Torma Károly wanted to become an archaeologist and continue his father’s work because he noticed, on the family’s estate, archaeological finds coming from Ilişua; he also saw his father permanently “embellishing” the house with different artefacts.………….                                                                                                                                             Last but not least, we must mention that he was a great epigraphist; he was a collaborator for theepigraphic corpus of Dacia. InCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum5 , we can only find praises of Torma Károly; researchers admitted that hewas a great epigraphist, as stated by Theodor Mommsenas well: “Sok kutatnivaló van ezen a téren. Önnek kedve és tehetsége is van az epigráfiához: nagy szolgálatot tehet a tudománynak”6 . Most of the works he has written are focused on the topography of Roman settlements and on the Roman period in Dacia, a subject which he has painstakingly researched, with devotement and success …………                                                      The author mentions 47 inscriptions,both complete and fragmentary ones, 14 of them previously known; the remaining 33, discovered until 1863, were published in CIL III19 and in the catalogue signed by Corneliu Gaiu

://www.academia.edu/5283696/Sorin_NEMETI_-_Magia_%C3%AEn_Dacia_roman%C4%83_II._Geme_magice_din_colec%C5%A3ia_Cabinetului_Numismatic_al_Academiei
_Rom%C3%
xara "bucurie" Xar(is)..o urare de vindecare comuna

Imaginea dinhttp://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/1446775.html

Desi foarte multi cercetatori au presupus existenta unui gen de scris in Civilizatia Danubiana si chiar a unui scris adevarat pe tablitele de la Tartaria, nu au putut demonstra acest lucru. Dintre ei, doar cercetatorul italian Marco Merlini a sustinut existenta unui scris adevarat pe aceste tablite, si mai putin decat altii sa fie capabil sa sustina concret acest fapt. Eu sant cel mai fervent sustinator al acestei ipoteze, si spre desosebire de oricine altcineva sant absolut singurul care pot sustine practic si concret acest lucru.     ————————————————–                                                           In primul rand trebuie sa va prezint o serie de particularitati unice ale tablitei rotunde gaurite:                                                                                                                                                     – Semnele continute in jumatatea de sus a tablitei rotunde, ies in evidenta, ca si cum ar constitui un grup separat, sa-i zicem “de alta opinie” , atat prin forma cat si prin istoricul folosirii lor in lume.                                                                                                                              – Jumatatea de sus pare a fi fost destinata sa fie purtata impreuna cu cealalta tablita dreptunghiulara gaurita si in plus, nu intamplator acoperita de aceasta.                                         – Tot poate nu intamplator aceasta jumatate prezinta cele mai noi sau moderne semne din intregul continut de semne al celor 3 tablite.                                                              – partea din dreapta prezinta o succesiune de semne dificila (cu mica frecventa lingvistica), aparent imposibil de interpretat, respectiv semne geminate “DD” si/sau “oo” (“oc”?)                                                                                                                                                       ————————————————–                                                                                                      Imaginea, din http://aplaceofbrightness.blogspot.com/2008/11/moonlight-in-romania-tartaria-tablets_21.html

Semne:”HD“/”HP”                                                                                                                     Semnele relativ noi in istorie .  “H” si “D”, fiecare in parte, dar cu atat mai mult prin prezenta simultana exclud posibilitatea unei mari vechimi a tablitelor. Semnul D a fost folosit pentru D.                                                                                                                                  Din http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/03/qeiyafa-ostracon-inscription-this-large.html

                                                                                  [1] ‘ L T ` Sh  [Q] W? ` B D ‘ [L?] :  Z/T? H/Y?

[2] Sh P Tt . B W ‘ L M  [? ] [Sh] P Tt

[3] G L [Y/W?] [ T?] B ` L  S?  R? H/S? [ ]  Y?

[4] ‘ [ Q] M W N  Q? M Y B/Kh? D M L K .

[5] ‘ Q w/y M ` B D m? sh/m? Y : Ss? D Q T

Atentie,                                                                                                                                                    HP par a fi literele vechi ebraice Heth/Chet si Qof  , deci HP=Kh Q= COKH, kokh (indiferent daca citim de la stg.>dr. sau de la Dr>Stg!) :”nisa,locsor” 

  Din The Ossuary of James – The Nazarene Way https://www.thenazareneway.com/ossuary_of_james.htm                                       The ossuary was then placed in a niche (loculi or kokh) area of the burial cave               (?? KOKHAION=KOGAION =”nisa,locsorul,mormantul Vesnic??)

                                           in DDoc am putea avea semnul c =L (Lamed)                                                                        DDoC = Dalet, Dalet, ‘=Ain?/s?,  Lamed ?                                                                                        DD ‘/s L >> “DOD ‘L“,DoD AL:”BELOVED GOD“?                                                                          ————————————————————–                                                                                   Apoi (800 B.C.), semnele D si P au fost folosite de exemplu in Creta pentru litera “R”. Puteti vedea asta in urmatoarea inscriptie:                                     

An Archaic Greek Inscription from Crete
Author(s): Lilian H. Jeffery and Anna Morpurgo-Davies https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/files/jeffery-amd_archaic_greek_inscription_from_crete_british_museum_quarterly_36_1971.pdf 

 Semnul D incepand cu 800-500 B.C. a fost folosit pentru litera D si R. Ex: Inscriptie greaca 800 B.C. cu forma DIDOI=”DA”, unde este folosit D “modern”/rotunjit Din http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Art/Ancient/en/Mantiklos.html

        Asa cum am mai spus, semnul “H” ,cretan hieroglific PA3 a fost utilizat prima oara incepand cu 2.500-2.200 B.C., ulterior ca semn heth, heta si eta.                                        ——————————————————————————-                                                                     Imaginea, din http://aplaceofbrightness.blogspot.com/2008/11/moonlight-in-romania-tartaria-tablets_21.html

Semne: Se/Su/Xe DDoo/DiDoo/DiDou/DDoc/DiDoc/Didoc(hos)/Didos/Diboo/Diboc=divos/Ddiou/Ddou/rroo/rroc                                                                                                                                                               —————————————-                                                                                                                  O incercare de citire ar fi teoretic mai usoara pentru parte stanga, care contine semnele HD/HP fiind compusa numai din 2 semne si conduce implicit la un numar mai mic de posibile combinatii. Partea din dreapta contine 4+1 semne, (din care 2 ar putea fi repetate “DD” si “oo”).                                                                                                                           —————————————————                                                                                                       Dupa forma si istoricul folosirii lor, semnele au dupa mine mai degraba o origine la est de Creta (intre Peninsula Italica si Iberia). Partea din stanga poate genera un numar de cuvinte, care se pot ordona intr-o ordine descrescatoare a sanselor, ordinea avand si un caracter subiectiv. Spre exemplu una din cele mai veche atestari posibile ar fi aceea ca reprezinta monograma zeitei Hera sau al numelui Heros. Partea din dreapta, prin prezenta geminarii, conduce pe de o parte: – la un grup de limbi putin cunoscute : familia tungusica, limba orok,terminatia -ddoo sau limba cariana cu aceeasi grupare. – ori la limbile siculiana, neapolitana “Ddio, ddiu” dar in mod curios si in scrierile Scolii Ardelene :”Ddeu”!, sau la limba greaca unde poate apare geminarea “DD”(Creta) sau ca “RR”, (aceasta din urma niciodata la inceputul cuvantului, deci nu incepe cu rr).Aici sirul cuvintelor posibile este de asteptat mai mare.                                                                                      ————————————————                                                                                                 In ordine aleatorie:                                                                                                                          CUVINTE POSIBILE IN STANGA: Her(a), Her(os), Her(acles)/Her(cle), Her(o), heres/here(des),Hora, Har, Haru,Har,HAR(is),HR(io),?HR(istos)?,hede/ede,…………. CUVINTE POSIBILE IN DREAPTA: surrou/surrou, serrou, Dibos/divos, roros, robou/robos, didou/dedou, ddoc,didoc(hos), Ddiou=ddiu, Ddou=Dzou, rroc/rrok……………… ============================                                                                                                    Nota                                                                                                                                                                  In aceste conditii, tare i-mi este teama ca nu cumva tablitele sa provina din artefactele din siturile romane gasite de cercetatori din proximitatea (ori chiar rude) Zsofiei Torma, sau chiar sa fie incercari practice (cu caracter didactic) de scriere a cuiva dintre acestia.                                                                                                                ===================== Exemplu : ===========================

HD/HP                   +++++     Di D o c/u                                                                                                   ED/EDe/HeRo(s)     Su       DiDos/DiDOU                                                                                              In handwritten Greek during the Hellenistic period (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the epigraphic form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.[4] It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.[5] This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as lunate sigma (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its crescent-like shape

ied/mananca/erou,domn      Da  (tu)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Din PROTO-LANGUAGE – ENGLISH DICTIONARY – OoCities
www.oocities.org › proto-language › Pro…
Proto-Language-English Dictionary. … A (+ give), EAT; IE ed- (*e:d), eat .                                ————————————————                                                                                                            From Linear B to Greek: di-do-si to di-pi-si-jo – Konosos https://konosos.net/2013/12/21/linear-b-to-greek-de-u/

<<di-do-si | διδωσι (didosi) | to bind or to fetter PY Ma 365+ verb 3rd. sing. “To bind or to fetter” may essentially mean “to become devoted, to be bound through an offering”; hence, a latter meaning “to offer”  >>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       “DIDOS”:                                                                                                                                           The Present Indicative Active of δίδωμι (S 416; GPH p. 123):                                             δίδωμι I give                                                                                                                                δίδομεν we give                                                                                                                              δίδως you give                                                                                                                             δίδοτε y’all give                                                                                                                             δίδωσι (s)he, it gives                                                                                                             διδόασι they give

Din δίδου:  https://biblehub.com/greek/didou_1325.htm  Luke 11:3 V-PMA-2S
GRK: τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν τὸ
NAS: Give us each day
KJV: Give us day
INT: daily give us

Excerpts from:                                                                                                                                      Selected Papers of Beijing Forum 2004 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810012449

The Sumerian Account of the Invention of Writing —A New Interpretation                                                                                                      Gong Yushu Professor für Assyriology, Oriental Literature Research Centre / Dept. of Oriental Studies, Foreign Languages School, Peking University

“The invention of writing is something that fascinate not only modern scholars, but also their ancient counterparts. Almost all ancient people with a written history have their own accounts of the invention of writing. These accounts, embedded in their literature, reflect the annotations they could give on the origin of their own writing systems. These accounts are written forms of oral traditions, the beginning of which is lost in the darkness of history. The written forms of the accounts of the invention of writing usually came into existence several hundred years, or more, after the invention, at a time when the writing system had become capable of such an account. In the case of Mesopotamia, the earliest known account pertaining to the invention of writing which is usually interpreted as “the Sumerian account of the invention of writing” dates back to the Ur III (2112-2004 B.C.) period, was a millennium apart from the earliest evidence of the proto-cuneiform writing from Uruk. The Sumerian narrative poem (also called epic) containing such an account is known among modern scholars as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, first transliterated and translated into English and made available to the public by S.N.Kramer in 1943. ………….

According to the poem, Enmerkar, the second ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk, sent a messenger to Aratta, a remote city separated from Uruk by seven great mountains, demanding that the people of Aratta bring gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and many other precious stones, and build for him various shrines and temples, particularly the Abzutemple in Eridu (lines 3364). ………….

Following the advice of Inanna, the protective deity of his city, Enmerkar selected an eloquent messenger and sent him to Aratta to deliver his demand and threat by repeating what he said to him verbatim. Refusing to submit, the Lord of Aratta raised each time a prerequisite condition for his subjugation that seemed impossible to meet. The messenger had to go back and forth playing the role of the verbal transmitter between the two kings. However, as the battle of words became more fierce and the content of the messages more complicated, the messenger became linguistically overwhelmed.                        ………………                                                                                                             The messenger, whose mouth was heavy, was not able to repeat it. (502) Because the messenger, whose mouth was heavy, was not able to repeat it, (503) the Lord of Kulaba patted some clay and wrote the message like (on) a tablet. (504) Previously, the writing of messages on clay did not exist. (505) Now, under that sun and on that day, it indeed so exist. (506) The Lord of Kulaba wrote the message like on a tablet. It was indeed so.” This passage is generally regarded as the Sumerian account of the invention of writing and the writing medium clay tablet, and Enmerkar as their inventor. In the words of Komoroczy: “It is clear, that the author of the epic here intended to describe the invention of clay tablet (viz. the Mesopotamian writing material) and the writing on it (viz. the cuneiform writing);…In the eyes of the author, Enmerkar is the inventor of the indigenous writing.”

First, although it is stated explicitly in this composition that the Lord of Kulaba patted some clay and wrote the message-like on a tablet and that the writing of messages on clay did not exist formerly, it is not stated here that the writing of messages on media other than clay tablet (DUB, IM) did not exist. This may imply that in the mind of the Sumerians the writing of messages on other medium had been in existence prior to the events described in this composition including writing message on clay by Enmerkar took place  …………..

Second, it is clearly stated in the following passage of the same composition that the Lord of Aratta could read and understand what was written on the tablet handed over to him by the messenger from Uruk.        ….……….                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           O Lord of Aratta, after you have examined the clay tablet, after you have learned the content of the message, (525) say whatever you will say to me” …………….

Otherwise it would be hard to imagine, how the Lord of Aratta could read and understand the written message on clay that was just invented. Third, there is still a passage that may be taken as evidence that the Lord of Aratta understood the written message on clay presented to him by the messenger of Enmerkar, his powerful challenger.  .………..

After he had spoken thus to him, (537538) the Lord of Aratta received his kiln-fired tablet from the messenger. (539) The Lord of Aratta looked at the tablet. (540) The spoken words were just nails, and his brow was full of anger. (541) The Lord of Aratta looked at his kiln-fired tablet.” The crucial message of this passage lies in line 540 which is, however, subject to different interpretations. Kramer translated this line as follows: “The commanded word is nail-like, the appearance is …” and commented further:                 This line “seems to describe the appearance of the written signs; on the other hand, it may perhaps describe in some way the Lord of Aratta’s despondency upon reading its contents.” This supposition presupposes that the Lord of Aratta understood the content of the written message he was looking at. Jacobsen agreed apparently with the supposition made by Kramer. His translation is “The words were fierce words, were frowning.” The Lord of  Aratta was frowning, because “the words were fierce words.” It is no question here that Jacobsen meant that the Lord of Aratta understood the content of the written message. The latest attempt to interpret this line is made by Glassner who allies himself with Jacobsen in opinion,xvii but differs from him slightly in wording: “The word spoken was the nail is inserted’, it was an imperious command.” For Komoroczy it is no doubt that “der Herr von Aratta die Note Enmerkars richtig verstanden hat.”  ……………                                                                                                                  as for his interpretation “The Lord of Aratta sees only nails where he had expected words. He is angry or depressed, however hard he keeps looking, it is hard for us to imagine how could the Lord of Aratta have “expected words” by not being reluctant to see the “nails.” Since Sumerian “words” can only be expressed by “nails,” the rudemental elements of the Sumerian (cuneiform) script, we must in fact pose the question, how could he not expect to see “nails,” if he had expected to see “words”?                                   Reading Sumerian is nothing but fingering out words from the interwoven “nails.” It is as true of the past as of the present. In other word, the assumption that the Lord of Aratta could not understand the message written by Enmerkar cannot be borne out by the text, however logical it may sound.  …………………                                                             In this sense, what Enmerkar did should not be regarded as the invention of writing, but as the initial transformation of the writing medium, from a certain material to clay. Furthermore, as we have seen from the argument we made above, that the Lord of Aratta did understand the message on clay written by Enmerkar has also textual support, and the literacy, or the ability, of the Lord of Aratta to understand the written message leads logically to the conclusion that writing on materials other than clay had already been in existence prior to Enmerkar’s “invention” of writing on clay.                         That is the point of this “Sumerian account of the invention of writing”! This conclusion, borne out by the text, can also be supported by the following facts and observations…………..                                                                                                                      (2) Some signs of the proto-cuneiform writing from Uruk do not seem to be the original invention on clay, but borrowings of signs already in existence on materials other than clay. The head of some animals such as donkey (ANŠE), ibex (DARA3), and ox (GIR3). and some other signs made up of curves and circles such as IDIGNA (a kind of bird), NAM (swallow) and even LAGAB (a circle depicting a kind of enclosure) and its incorporated derivatives which were difficult to draw on clay, may be taken as such examples.                                                                                                                                             (3) The proto-cuneiform writing system from Uruk displays such a high degree of complexity, stability and conventionality that it does not seem to represent the earliest stage of writing. This has already led many scholars to believe that the proto-cuneiform writing from Uruk represents a mature writing system, the beginning of which is lost in the darkness of prehistory. Unfortunately, traces of such an assumed earlier stage have not yet been discovered, so that “whether the pre-Uruk writing was on clay or perishable materials, took place in Uruk or elsewhere, and was used for sacred or economic purposes, we have no way of knowing.” But absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.                                                                                                                     (4) Recently, Whittaker has propounded a theory about the origin of the proto-cuneiform writing that deserves our attention. He proposes that certain signs of the proto-cuneiform writing such as GIRI3 “foot” (sign-form is the picture of an ox’s head in profile) and GURUŠ “young, able-bodied worker” (sign-form is the picture of a vehicle in profile) might have been of Proto-Indo-European origin.

Image from  https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTsstxV_ujijPUgIfQMe7hpKIBufUot1XBnkplXI52CXV3Ag0PX9w

2.Possible PIE-Pictograms Proposed by Whittaker

The Sumerians borrowed them and adapted them for their own use on the basis of the phonetic similarities, that is, similarities between the pronunciations of the words they stood for in the Proto-Indo-European script and those for which they were to stand in the Sumerian.                                                                                                                                                To be sure, his evidence so far lies entirely in the area of comparative linguistics and has not yet been favoured by archaeological substantiation, and his interpretation of the proto-cuneiform text W 16632,b of the Uruk IV in Proto-Indo-European is less convincing. But the direction of his thought is interesting. It coincides, to some extent, with the direction of thought which the Sumerian account of the invention of writing leads us to, that is, before the Sumerian invention of clay tablets, writing materials other than clay might have been in existence. Briefly stated, the passages we quoted above from the Sumerian epic composition Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta suggest that writing on materials other than clay was already in existence in southern Mesopotamia prior to the point when Enmerkar wrote the message on clay, and that Enmerkar was not the one who invented writing for the first time, but the one who transformed writing already in existence from a material that remains unmentioned in the text to clay, and that the transformation of the writing medium had its subsequent effect on the appearance of the signs. Furthermore, we see an explicit hint in them that the Sumerians ascribed the transformation of the writing  medium to man, while the invention of writing to gods, as is the case of another Sumerian literary composition known as Inanna and Enki.    We know for certain that the earliest evidence of the proto-cuneiform writing on clay tablet comes from Uruk IV, at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. (ca. 3200 B.C.), a time when the transformation of the writing medium described in our literary composition Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, must have taken place.          According to the Sumerian Kinglist, Enmerkar is the second ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk,  who is assigned by most chronologies to the Early Dynastic II period, several hundred years later than the earliest evidence of the protocuneiform texts on clay from Uruk IV.

Careful/ Attention !                                                                                                                                                 This post is not a decipherment or reading of any actual written content of Tartaria tablets. Given that the signs do not belong to a single writing system but to several, the page has a purely didactic character. It has the role of trying and testing different writings, in the idea that the tablets would have used one of them. The signs on the tablets belong to several writing systems over a long period of time and which have been used in different geographical areas. In none of the trials did the signs fall into a single type of writing, there always remained signs that came from other writings (or as coming from the unknown). Most of the signs come from the Sumerian proto-cuneiform -shaped ones. The signs in the upper half of the round tablet seem to come from archaic Greek writing. This “collection” of signs seems to be the fruit of one’s rich imagination. As A. Falkenstein and A. A. Vaiman found, (this is also my firm opinion) the author was not a scribe, he had only vague notions about writing in general, and it is not known what he intended  or he was after. There are many elements of inconsistency as well as others that take the tablets out of the usual patterns and norms of honest logic, writing and intentions.  ==== Image, https://neptest1.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/imagine-mare.jpg?w=465&h=310

Upper-left corner “???” : Letters HP=HaR[uspices] ??                                                                                                           From Ancient Rome: A Sourcebookhttps://books.google.ro/books?isbn=1136761438

====================================

DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Pagane und christliche Armeepriester―
Verfasserin María de Gracia Caraballo Hoyos

Excerpts: SOME CHAPTERS:                                                                                                                 1 PAGANE UND CHRISTLICHE ARMEEPRIESTER…………………………………………………………. 4
2 DIE TRADITIONELLE RELIGION INNERHALB DER RÖMISCHEN ARMEE ……………….. 6
2.1 GRUNDZÜGE DER RELIGION IN DER ARMEE ………………………………………………………….. 6
2.2 HERKUNFT DER OFFIZIERE ………………………………………………………………………………………..8
2.3 PFLICHTEN DES OFFIZIERS …………………………………………………………………………………………9
2.4 RELIGIÖSE VERÄNDERUNGEN………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………..12
2.5 MILITÄRISCHE VERÄNDERUNGEN……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
3 INSCHRIFTLICHE UND PAPYROLOGISCHE ZEUGNISSE FÜR PAGANE PRIESTER
INNERHALB DER ARMEE …………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.1 NIEDRIGE PRIESTER……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.1.1 Pullarius …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
3.1.2 Marsus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3.1.3 Aedituus……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
3.1.4 Turarius…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
3.1.5 Victimarius………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
3.1.6 Der Haruspex.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
3.2 ZEUGNISSE FÜR PRIESTER-SOLDATEN ………………………………………………………………………. 48
3.2.1 Die Priester des Juppiter Dolichenus ……………………………………………………………………. 49
3.2.2 Zusammenfassung über die Inschriften für Juppiter Dolichenus ………………………….. 65
3.2.3 Weitere Inschriften aus denen Sacerdotes in der Armee zu vermuten sind. ………… 67
3.2.4 Zusammenfassung …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
4 LITERARISCHE UND PAPYROLOGISCHE ZEUGNISSE FÜR MILITÄRKAPLÄNE …………… 87
4.1 VERÄNDERUNGEN DURCH DAS CHRISTENTUM……………………………………………………………………….. 87
4.2 LITERARISCHE ZEUGNISSE…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
4.2.1 Sozomenos 1, 8………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
4.2.2 Palladios, De Vita Ioannis Chrysostomi, XX, 70-86…………………………………………………… 92
4.2.3 Chrysostomos Briefe ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
4.2.4 Theodoret von Kyrrhos.Ep.2 an Eusebius, Bischof von Ankyra ……………………………… 94
4.2.5 Kyrill von Skythopolis, Vita S. Sabae, 9…………………………………………………………………….. 95
4.2.6 Ein Brief des Papstes Pelagius I (556-561) an Laurentius ………………………………………… 97
4.2.7 Mauricius, Strategikon………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98
4.3 PAPYRI UND INSCHRIFTEN……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98

4.3.5 Grabinschrift eines Diakons aus Thrakien……………………………………………………………….. 104
4.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND ABSCHLUSS………………………………………………………………………………… 105
5 TABELLEN INDEX ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
5.1 PULLARII …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
5.2 MARSI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
5.3 AEDITUI………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 110
5.4 TURARII………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
5.5 VICTIMARII ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
5.6 HARUSPICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
5.7 SACERDOTES DESDOLICHENUS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….114
5.8 ANDERE SACERDOTES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
5.9 MILITÄRKAPLÄNE, LITERARISCHE ZEUGNISSE ……………………………………………………….. 116
5.10 MILITÄRKAPLÄNE, INSCHRIFTLICHE UND PAPYROLOGISCHE ZEUGNISSE………………………………….. 117

………….Die Menschen suchten die Nähe zu den Göttern, die vor allen bei orientalischen Religionen zu finden war.Beispiele dafür sind die Isis Mysterien oder die Verehrung des Äskulap.17………………………………….                                                                                                    Bei der Verbreitung des Kultes spielten die Soldaten an der Grenze von Rhein und Donau sowie im Illyricum eine besondere Rolle.43……………………………..                                                 AE 1965, 00030 Inschrift aus Apulum. Ende 2./Anfang 3. Jh.46
I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo) D(olicheno) et Deae / Suriae Magna[e] ………………..                              3.1.6 Der Haruspex
Die haruspices waren ursprünglich etruskische Priester, die aus den Eingeweiden von
geschlachteten Opfertieren Weissagungen vornahmen. Das wichtigste Organ der
Opfertiere war die Leber, da diese das Zentrum der körperlichen Kraft darstellte. In der Leber fand man bestimmten Göttern zugehörige Regionen des Himmels wieder. Dadurch wurde festgelegt, ob die Götter Gefallen an dem geopferten Tier fanden und somit durch die vorgebrachte Gabe in ihren Zorn besänftigt oder wohlwollend gestimmt werden konnten. Der haruspex konnte auch Wunderzeichen (ostenta) deuten, wie beispielweise Blitze. Sie äußerten sich über die Zukunft der betroffenen Sachen oder Menschen, aber es war ihnen nicht erlaubt, diese Informationen weiter zu verwenden. Diese Aufgabe lag in den Händen der Staatspriester. Die haruspices kamen ursprünglich aus vornehmen etruskischen Familien, deren Söhne für diese Aufgabe von Kindesalter an vorbereitet wurden. Ab dem Ende der Republik finden wir in den Quellen eine ordo haruspicum LX mit einem haruspex maximus an der Spitze.111 Sie
agierten u.a. als Begleiter von Feldherren auf wichtigen Feldzügen, waren aber trotz ihrer wichtigen Rolle für den Staat keine eigentlichen Staatspriester.
Man findet in den Quellen aber auch die Figur des haruspex in Rollen, welche außerhalb
staatlicher Aufgaben lagen, beispielsweise als Prophet, der durch die Städte zog und
Privaten seine Dienste anbot.112 In der Kaiserzeit wurde versucht, den Missbrauch, der von solchen Scharlatanen betrieben wurde, zu verringern. Es kam jedoch nie zu einem richtigen Verbot. Unter Kaiser Claudius113 wurde die Tätigkeit der haruspices in einem Kollegium reguliert. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt findet man den haruspex auch als Berater von Kaisern, den ordines municipales und auch natürlich im Heer, bei den Legionen oder bei den Prätorianern. Der spanische Historiker Yébenes behandelt in einem ausführlichen Artikel die Rolle des haruspex innerhalb der Armee. Er stützt dabei seine Analyse vor allem auf inschriftliche Zeugnisse. Er stellt in chronologische Reihenfolge einen Großteil der Inschriften dar, in denen haruspices innerhalb der Rangordnung der Armee zu finden sind. Diese Inschriften erbringen den Nachweis, dass der haruspex als eigener „Rang― in der römischen Armee zu finden war. Als frühestes Zeugnis zitiert Yébenes eine Dedikationsinschrift für Mars Ultor115 aus dem Jahr 109 n. Chr. aus Adamklissi, in Memoriam der während Trajans Dakier-Kriegen gefallenen Soldaten. In dieser Inschrift ist, unter anderen principales, auch ein haruspex zu finden, dessen Name nicht mehr lesbar ist. Yébenes versucht in seinem Artikel den Nachweis zu führen, dass Anfangs die Offiziere sowie später die eigentlichen sacerdotes, bei Opferzeremonien auf die Hilfe eines haruspex angewiesen waren. Vor allem ab dem 3. Jh. n. Chr., als die epigraphische Zeugnisse zahlreicher werden, treten haruspices in dieser Rolle in Erscheinung.
Yébenes gründet seine Argumente auf die Beobachtung, dass die Offiziere höheren Ranges, wie beispielsweise die legati oder auch der Kaiser selbst, nicht immer alle Rituale durchführen konnten, schon gar nicht ab der Zeit, ab der zusätzlich zu den bereits bestehenden offiziellen Göttern die neuen orientalische Gottheiten ihren Platz innerhalb der religio castrensis fanden. Diese Zeremonien waren mit komplizierten Ritualen verbunden, die nur den eingeweihten bekannt waren. Die Durchführung mancher Zeremonien wurden daher bei besonderen Gelegenheiten wie der honesta missio oder die lustratio oft an Offizieren niedrigeren Ranges übergeben, vor allen an tribuni, centuriones und milites innerhalb der principales. Yébenes präsentiert auch zwei Beispiele von haruspices bei den Prätorianern in Rom, welche belegen, dass haruspices nicht nur bei den Legionen zu finden waren. Das erste Beispiel ist eine Grabinschrift, von einem Vater an seinen Sohn Gnaeus Iulius Picens, der haruspex ordinatus gewesen war. Im Gegensatz zu Yébenes argumentiert Wheeler hingegen, dass es möglich wäre, dass Iulius Picens schon haruspex war, bevor er Soldat der Cohortes Urbanae wurde.117 Eine Grabinschrift muss seiner Ansicht nach den cursus eines
Soldates nicht unbedingt in der chronologischen Reihenfolge zeigen. Die noch ungeklärte
Frage in Zusammenhang mit derartigen Inschriften ist somit, ob in den Fällen, in denen
militärische und religiöse Aufgaben beschrieben werden, die beiden Tätigkeiten tatsächlich auch zur selben Zeit ausgeübt wurden    ………………………………

Zeile 20-24
[—] Helvius Calvus cas(tris) har(uspex)
L(ucius) Aelius Rufus cas(tris)
C(aius) Antistius Saturn(inus) Tha(mugadi)
C(aius) Iulius Victor Utic(a)
L(ucius) Aelius Charitonian(us) cas(tris)                                                                     ………………………………………                                                                                                                   AE 1965, 00030132
Apulum (Dakien). Ende 2. Jh. n. Chr., Anfang 3. Jh. n. Chr.133 Altar für Juppiter Dolichenus und Dea Syria. I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo) D(olicheno) et Deae
Suriae Magnae Caelesti pro salute perpetui imperi(i)
Romani et leg(ionis) XIII

Gem(inae) Flavius Barhadadi s(acerdos) I(ovis) D(olicheni) ad
leg(ionem) s(uper) s(criptam) v(otum) l(ibens) m(erito) p(osuit).
„Für Juppitter Dolichenus, den Besten und Größten, und für die Göttin Syria, die Größte und Himmlische, und zum Wohl des ewigen Kaiserreiches und der dreizehnten Legion Gemina hat Flavius Barhadadi, Priester des Juppiter Dolichenus bei der obergenannte Legion, dieses Gelübde gerne und nach Gebühr/Verdienst gemacht.―

CIL III 7760
Aus Apulum, Dakien. Ende des 2. Jh. n. Chr., Anfang 3. Jh. n. Chr.

4.3.5 Grabinschrift eines Diakons aus Thrakien
Abschließend wird die Quelle einer Grabinschrift zitiert, welche für die Zeit des 5. Jh. bis 6.Jh. nach Chr. datiert wird. Die Inschrift liefert das Zeugnis für einen Priester der gleichzeitig auch Angehöriger der Armee war, was für die Zeit aus der die Inschrift stammt, nicht mehr außergewöhnlich gewesen zu sein scheint.295
JÖAI 23 (1926) Bbl., 155, 92

5.4 Turarii

Quelle  Fundstelle Zeit Religiöse Funktion Militärische Funktion     Person                               AE 2007,01197Apulum 2 Jh. Chr. Turarius turarius der legio XIIIgeminaAureliusLicinus

5.6 Haruspices                                                                                                                                  Quelle  Fundstelle Zeit Religiöse Funktion Militärische Funktion     Person E.Pais, Suppl.Ital. I, 39; Thulinen Diz. Epigr.,P.668Parentium,Histria1 Jh. n. Chr.? haruspex veteranus derVII Cohors derprätorianerLuciusPontiusRufus