Long-time delayed, Hebrew interpretation.


 

Careful/ Attention !                                                                                                                                             This post is not a decipherment or reading of any actual written content of Tartaria tablets. Given that the signs do not belong to a single writing system but to several, the page has a purely didactic character. It has the role of trying and testing different writings, in the idea that the tablets would have used one of them. The signs on the tablets belong to several writing systems over a long period of time and which have been used in different geographical areas. In none of the trials did the signs fall into a single type of writing, there always remained signs that came from other writings (or as coming from the unknown). Most of the signs come from the Sumerian proto-cuneiform -shaped ones. The signs in the upper half of the round tablet seem to come from archaic Greek writing. This “collection” of signs seems to be the fruit of one’s rich imagination. As A. Falkenstein and A. A. Vaiman found, (this is also my firm opinion) the author was not a scribe, he had only vague notions about writing in general, and it is not known what he intended  or he was after. There are many elements of inconsistency as well as others that take the tablets out of the usual patterns and norms of honest logic, writing and intentions.

==========                                                                                                                                                   …Today when write is 27-th of April 2019 Pass-over evening,…………   

From    Precursor to Paleo-Hebrew Script Discovered in Jerusalem https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/precursor-to-the-paleo-hebrew-script-discovered-in-jerusalem/

<< During the 2012 excavations at the southern wall of the Temple Mount, archaeologist Eilat Mazar discovered an inscription with the earliest alphabet letters ever found in Jerusalem. The inscription—carved on a storage jar—is written in the Proto-Canaanite script and dates to the 11th or 10th century B.C.E. >>

Quite late for our endeavour related to Tartaria tablets, no !??                                                          =======================================   

Tartaria round tablet picture, from : https://cogniarchae.com/2015/10/29/tartaria-tablets-connection-between-vinca-and-proto-linear-b-script/

                                                                             Some years before, (more than ten), particularly the upper half of the tablet attracted me, cause of the shape of the signs, similar to modern letters. It is about the “H”,”D/P” (on the left) and “D”,”O”-like signs (on the right).                                                                                     ———————————————————————–                                                                               “H”-like sign is allmost identical with old canaanite,phoenician, old hebrew letter  “het”.                                           From The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet
By Jeff A. Benner http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/alphabet_letters_hhet.html

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Early hebrew letter Hhet:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   From  Gezer Calendar – Agricultural Almanac http://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/GezerEN.html

                 See at the beginning of every row (reading R>L),  yrh= yarach=”MONTH” 

  From  http://aplaceofbrightness.blogspot.com/2008/11/moonlight-in-romania-tartaria-tablets_21.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         HP seem to be paleo-hebrew letters Heth/Chet and Qof  , so H-P=Kh-Q= COKH, kokh (no matter reading L>R or R>L!)                                                                                                          From  https://www.cram.com/flashcards/hebrew-letters-focus-israel-2253556                                                                                      kokh:”loculus, niche”                                                                                                                               Din The Ossuary of James – The Nazarene Way https://www.thenazareneway.com/ossuary_of_james.htm                                       “The ossuary was then placed in a niche (loculi or kokh) area of the burial cave”                  <<If letters Het-Dalet, would be first letters of the word KODESH=”holy” ?                        WORD STUDY – HOLY – Chaim Bentorah http://www.chaimbentorah.com/2013/08/word-study-holy/                I have found a meaning for the word kodesh (holy)>> 

  From  Remains of Ancient Days – LA Times https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-02-27-ca-33395-story.html                                                                                                                      “Bodies were first placed in a kokh–a deep, narrow cave–or on an … dead were collected and put into an ossuary, a large, usually lidded stone box.”                                 Attention,                                                                                                                                                 At would have an ossuary, as allmost all scientists agree that at Tartaria was an ossuary indeed, related to an “secondary burial” ritual. 

Din https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_burial

<< Artificial mounds and other, clearly visible, above-ground structures have been re-used since the New Stone Age (and even in later times, often by much later cultures) for burials of bodies, bones or cremated remains (in urns). These more recent burials, of whatever form, are referred to by archaeologists as secondary burials. They are found in grave mounds, usually in those areas of the site that could at the same time be extended. In larger dolmenspassage gravesstone cists, etc. the re-use of the interior space available was usually closer in time to the original burial (e.g. by the Globular Amphora culture), if necessary also accompanied by the removal or addition of secondary chambers (as in the Megalithic tombs of Hagestad). The mounds of the megalithic tombs, which were usually covered with earth, were re-used following a similar shape as the original grave mound.   …………..                                                                                                       Some more well-known examples include the megaliths from the late Funnel Beaker culture, the stringent procedures in the single burial graves of the Battle Axe culture, and the uniqueness of the Pitted Ware Culture.[

Din     Jesus and the Ossuaries Craig A. Evans https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-24WMy5xUmJTIhJRbucErA4SETQgoh9Bw2vTS3–kZY/edit

<< The use of ossuaries, or small caskets meant to hold only bones and not the undecomposed corpse itself, is ancient and finds a close parallel in the use of astodans (or “ossuaries”) by the ancient Persians (Yamauchi 1990, 61–63). The evidence for secondary burial in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Palestine is considerable. …….

ossuaries themselves were then placed in a room, often stacked. They were sometimes placed in the niches themselves or in the central chamber. (In a tomb at Jericho four ossuaries were found in a single niche; cf. Hachlili 1979, 56–57.) There are burial inscriptions in which the word kokh appears: “This kokh [hkwk] was made for the bones of our fathers. Length two cubits. Not to be opened!” (CIJ no. 1300; Fitzmyer and Harrington 1978, 168–69; Meyers 1971, 66). Kokh can also be spelled qwq (qoq), as in this poorly preserved inscription: “This is the kokh [aqwq] of . . . Alas! And his daughter” (CIJ no. 1222; Fitzmyer and Harrington 1978, 182–83).   ……..

In contrast to this custom (i.e. cremation), the Jewish people buried their dead (as did also many Greeks and Romans), later gathering the bones and plac- ing them in containers or a vault set aside for this purpose. The practice of gathering the bones [liqut ‘azamot] of the deceased is called ossilegium, or “secondary burial” (cf. y. Moe‘ed Qatan 1.5, 80c: “At first they would bury them in ditches, and when the flesh had decayed, they would gather the bones [meliqtin et ‘azamot] and bury them in ossuaries”; (Rahmani 1994b, 193–94; for introductory discussion, see Gafni 1981; Silberman 1991; McCane 2000). How far back this practice may be traced and where the practice originated are major questions that lie at the heart of the debate surrounding the significance of the numerous ossuaries found in and around Jerusalem, dating to the Herodian period. …..

Meyers (1970, 12–13) acknowledges that concepts of the ossuary in Palestine may well have been influenced by designs and artwork from the Aegean world that were introduced to the Philistines. But this influence, if any, is quite ancient and in any case coincided with prac- tices to which the inhabitants of Palestine were well accustomed.  ……>>

Apropos de faptul ca la Tartaria este absent craniul:

<<The absence of the skull, which in the possession of Herod’s angry and vengeful wife would surely not have been properly buried and therefore would never have been rejoined to the rest of John’s body, would make resurrection all the more doubtful, at least a resurrection before the time of the general resurrection and judgment.>>

From The Galilean Economy in the Time of Jesus https://books.google.ro/books?isbn=1589837584 David A. Fiensy, ‎Ralph K. Hawkins – 2013 – ‎Religion

 <<on the other side yršlm hq [dsh]).: ‘holy yerusalem”>>

Din https://www.academia.edu/2227970/Ancient_Hebrew_Lexicon_of_the_Bible

B)(HhQQac:Inscribe co:ab:Custom:The appointment of a specific time,function or duty. A custom as something that is appointed.V)(
 Hh-QQ)—  Inscribe:To write a decree or custom. [freq. 19] (vf: Paal,Hophal, Pual, Participle) |kjv:lawgiver, governor, decree, grave, portray, law, printed, set,note, appoint| {str: 2710}Nm)(Hh-QQ) — Custom: [freq. 2] |kjv: thought,decree| {str: 2711}

https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/koh.html

KOH                                                                                                                                                       , here, in this manner

  1. thus, so
  2. here, here and there
  3. until now, until now…until then, meanwhile

————————————————                                                                                                         (?? KOKHAION <?>KOGAION =”niche, loculus, pit-grave forever ??) …atention in GAION,HERAION ,AION part is attaching the meaning “forever duration” of a construction so “temple, shrine”, temple, shrine of Ge, temple of Hera. Horos and temenos has also the meanings of a sacred area, domain, precinct  : LOCULUS,PIT/GRAVE- SACRED DOMAIN                                                                                               AION LOCULUS,PIT-GRAVE                                                                                                            ——————————————————————————   

If  the signs  HQ    are read from right to left, we have QACh

 From    https://standingintheeleventhhour.wordpress.com/tag/adam/                        ” Appearing in many forms, qach is used 965 times in the Scriptures “in the widest variety of applications”. “marrying (as in “Avram and Nachor took wives…” Gen 11:29) and even the buying of goods! Common to any use of qach is the act of removing an entity from its original place or owner, such as the taking away sheep from the flock(as Rachael instructed Yaakov, “fetch me from two kids of the goats… Gen 27:9) buying a field or grain from the market (e.g. Proverbs 31:16, Nehemiah 5:3), and even marriage (e.g. as in “Avram and Nachor took wives…” Gen 11:29). In all contexts, qach describes the act of “taking away something to a new owner or new place, as in the context of Gen. 2:15. YHVH Elohim takes Adam away from the place he was formed to the newness of the Garden.”

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++                                                 Until some days bevore, I was convinced that in canaanite, paleo-hebrew writings, there was not used dalet in the modern D shape, only triangle-shaped as Delta is.,                          But recently I’ve found that D-shape was used                                                                       From http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/03/qeiyafa-ostracon-inscription-this-large.html

QEIYAFA OSTRACON INSCRIPTION ( ~1000 B.C.)

                                                                                  [1] ‘ L T ` Sh  [Q] W? ` B D ‘ [L?] :  Z/T? H/Y?

[2] Sh P Tt . B W ‘ L M  [? ] [Sh] P Tt

[3] G L [Y/W?] [ T?] B ` L  S?  R? H/S? [ ]  Y?

[4] ‘ [ Q] M W N  Q? M Y B/Kh? D M L K .

[5] ‘ Q w/y M ` B D m? sh/m? Y : Ss? D Q T                                                                                  Notice that the direction of writing is from left to right (dextrograde), which is the opposite of the order for Biblical Hebrew, and also for ancient Phoenician, Hebrew, and Moabite inscriptions (right to left, sinistrograde); but there is general agreement that this is the way this text runs. The pattern for this is set in the Izbet Sartah ostracon: it also has 5 lines of text; the fifth has the letters of the script (from ‘Aleph to T) running from left to right, and the other 4 lines are obviously dextrograde also (lines1 to 3 leave a space at the end; 4 runs over into the end-space of 5).
However, Christopher Rollston has said on rollstonepigraphy.com:
Prior to the rise of the Phoenician script, Northwest Semitic inscriptions could be written sinistrograde (right to left), dextrograde (left to right), or boustrophedon (one line left to right, and the next line right to left).  Of course, sometimes NWS inscriptions could even be written vertically.  Many people seem to be reading the Qeiyafa ostracon as dextrograde in its entirety.  ……………………….                                         There is a pantheon leaping out at us in the same way: the storm-god Baal (B`L) in line 3, the mysterious Molek (MLK) in 4, the mother goddess Elat (‘LT) in 1, the chief god El (‘L) or all the gods (‘LM) in line 2 ”    ……………….                                                                            In the Bronze Age the proto-alphabetic sign for Sh was the sun (the disc with a protecting serpent), and the Babylonian sun-god Shamash (the sun being the all-seeing eye, with the stars as the spies by night) was the minister for justice in the celestial government.

From EARLY HEBREW SYLLABARY                                                                                             The Lost Link.The Alphabet in the Hands of the Early Israelites Brian E. Colless Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand   http://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2014/04/                                                                                               This phenomenon could have a connection with the trio of ’Alephforms on the Qeiyafa Ostracon. But my idea goes further than that: in the early “Israelian” Hebrew alphabet each of its twenty-two letters had two additional forms, making a total of sixty-six signs. In fact, the system was not a simple consonantary (which the Phoenician alphabet certainly was, in the Iron Age) but a syllabary.     ………….                                      The first situation seems to fit the case, as the neo-consonantary is attesested around 1500 BCE, and the neo-syllabary appears around 1200 BCE.                                                       Ayin in the Phoenician alphabet, as also on the Zayit Stone, is a circle, but without the centre-dot that is characteristic of the sign in the south in Iron Age I. However, on the Beth-Shemesh Ostracon [7] there is one of each, leading to the suspicion that the empty circle is the syllable ‘I.       …………..                                                                    Then comes ‘Ayin with no dot, so it is ‘I. The Lamed here is not the same as the one further on, and I will not make a decision on their respective sounds; but it might be LI. Hence Shumiba`ili  (“name of Ba`al”) 

  From inscriptions – cryptcracker cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2010/04/timna-inscriptions-copper-mines-at.html                                                                                                                          “The oval on the right has the following signs: `(ayin), Z (properly Dh), … The other oval has the sun symbol at the top (Sh, from shimsh ‘sun‘, …” 

https://sites.google.com/site/collesseum/cuneiformalphabet
o 	s  S(sh+th)  O 	shimsh: sun (but without serpent)

 From syllabary – cryptcracker                                                      cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2007/03/oldest-west-semitic-inscriptions-these.html

Mar 19, 2007 – The circle, for example (an eye with a dot for the pupil, or else the sun) does … stands would represent `U (the consonant being `ayin, and its origin is in the … In the syllabary (by my calculations) the circle is the sun (shimshu, …

 ———————————————————-                                                                                              In the text transcript, I coloured intentionaly Ayin (transcript ` ), Lamed and Dalet.          In  “DDoc” sequence, we could have the signs  o=Aiyn (see folowing alphabet) and c =L (Lamed, Qeiyafa ostracon)                                                                                                                                              Aici se poate vedea mai bine Ayin: Din http://www.abrahamsdescendants.com/hebrew.html

                        ———————————————————                                                                                           But as presented above, the circle possible has the folowing (succeding?) equivalents:    – Ayin                                                                                                                                                         – “SUN” shimsh-logogram                                                                                                                      –syllable ‘I.    =AI                                                                                                                                     – S                                                                                                                                                              So:                                                                                                                                                               D D C = Dalet, Dalet, =Ain=`?/I?/S? /,  Lamed ?                                                                                        D-D-  `/s- L? >> “DoD  `L“, DoD AL:               =          “uncle/BELOVED- AL  ” ; 

                   Attention, in Tartaria, have no  alef-lamed, AL:”EL, god El (‘L) but ayin-lamed, OL=”AL”

From https://www.academia.edu/2227970/Ancient_Hebrew_Lexicon_of_the_Bible             1073)(DDac:Move co:Breasts ab:Passion: The pictograph

 is a picture of the a tent door which hangsdown from the top of the tent entrance.The use of this letter twice indicates “two danglers” representing a womans breasts.The part of the female body invoking heat of passion and love. (eng: udder; dad – asbeloved; teat – a double exchange for a tand d)

A)(DDac:?co:Breasts ab:?m)(DD) — Breast:[freq. 4] |kjv: breast, teat| {str:1717}
                                                                                                                                                           From https://www.academia.edu/2227970/Ancient_Hebrew_Lexicon_of_the_Bible                                                                                                                                                                        A)(AL)ac:?co:Ox ab: Oath: The power of the oxs musclesto perform work.
Nm)(AL) — 
Power:
One who holds authority overothers such as judges, chiefs andgods. In the sense of beingyoked to one another. [freq. 245]|kjv: God, god, power, mighty, goodly, great, idols, strong, unto,with, against, at, into, in, before,to, of, upon, by, toward, hath,for, on, beside, from, where,after, within| {str: 410}

From  Bible Lexicons Old Testament Hebrew Lexical Dictionary https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/hebrew/1730.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                       דֹּד dôd, dôd  Phonetics dode, dode                                                                                                  1.beloved, love, uncle                                                                                                                          1a) loved one, beloved                                                                                                                   1b) uncle                                                                                                                                              1c) love (plural abstract)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      =================   Note   ==================================                                                                                                                                                                                                           – God’s name,EL is written with  Alif-Lamed, transcripted L ; cause alif is not full,proper consonant nor vowel, it is an deaf sound. My question, why written with Alif and not pronounced Al but El , cannot explain myself and found no reason, but a “scientific explanation” of course there is available.                                                       ================================                                                                                   Interpretation would be:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 NICHE,LOCULUS (SACRED) (…or first letters of the word Cohen=”priest“?) and in                              love, beloved  Al” ; what is  AL for ?, cause normally,                                                   (al) – Means on as in “on top of”. It can also mean “about”

From https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/al-3.html                                             AL :”upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against ”                                                                                                                                                                      No consisten meaning is emerging. But I put in attention:

Abraham ,Isaac and Jacob never knew God under name Allah. – Ummah …https://www.ummah.com/…/316552-abraham-isaac-and-jacob-never-knew-god-under&#8230;<< The word Allyown is derived from the primary root ALAH as is also the word AL (ayin, lamed) which is also translated as “the Most High” in Hosea 7:16 and 11:7.     As such AL is an exact synonym for the “EL” (aleph, lamed) in “El Shaddai”.                  In fact that “El” should be spelled AL also since Aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet is equal to our A rather than E. You will notice that when one is careful to pronounce AL slowly and distinctly as the name of the MOST HIGH deserves it becomes phonetically A-L-L-A-H. So everywhere you see Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob use the Hebrew words AL (aleph, lamed) and Al (ayin, lamed) they are using the name ALLAH. >>

From https://mafiadoc.com/strong-hebrew-dictionary-holy-bible-institute_5a1799f81723ddaf7678d011.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      << {409} la” — ‘al, al; (Aramaic) corresponding to 408: — not. click to see {408} {410} lae — ‘el, ale; shortened from 352; strength; as adjective, mighty; especially the Almighty (but used also of any deity): — God (god), X goodly, X great, idol, might(-y one), power, strong. Compare names in “-el.” click to see {352} {411} lae — ‘el, ale; a demonstrative particle (but only in a plural sense) these or those: — these, those. Compare 428. click to see {428} {412} lae — ‘el, ale; (Aramaic) corresponding to 411: — these. click to see >>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Explanation of Ayin using and not Alef, is due of the fact that for tablet writer the coresponding sounds was of no much concern, nor realised that the sounds are slightly different.  

Brian Coless: “Getting into the mind of a writer of a text is always difficult”

From Hebrew Letter Ayin                                                                          https://www.cartoonhebrew.com/ayin                                                                                        “The letter is pronounced a lot like Alephmeaning that it only has the sound of whatever vowel goes … (al) – Means on as in “on top of”. It can also mean “about.”.

From Does Hebrew have letters that make the same sound? – Quora   https://www.quora.com/Does-Hebrew-have-letters-that-make-the-same-sound               ” Yes, quite a lot actually. * Alef (א) and Ayin (ע)—they mostly merged in the modern language. They were definitely distinct in ancient Hebrew: Alef was a glottal … ===================                                                                                                                        Other interpretations of the signs OC:                                                                                                   SL;”SaL”?                                                                                                                                               ‘IL=”AIL” ?                                                                                                                                                    From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)Specific deities known as ʾEl or ʾIl include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion[3] and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia’s Early Dynastic Period.[4]

==================================

From  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism”                                            “The name of God most often used in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton (YHWH יהוה). It is frequently anglicized as Jehovah and Yahweh.. as “the Lord”  the divine name as too sacred to be uttered.  … Rabbinic Judaism describes seven names which are so holy that, once written, should not be erased: YHWH and six others which can be categorized as titles are El (“God“)…,

THIS COULD BE THE EXPLANATION THAT UPPER HALF OF THE ROUND TABLET, BEING COVERED BY THAT OBLONG-ONE TABLET, THE SIGNS=THE MESSAGE WAS OUT OF SIGHT OF PASSERS-BY, SO INACCESIBLE, INTENTIONALY HIDDEN.                                                                                                                                                                                                        Maybe, by chance or not, this time out of the semitic area, possible kind of 4-letters group, “Tetragrammaton” composed the name of a supreme divinity, possible of the type:                                                                                                                                              “DDou=Dzou, Zou(pelasgian,cretan,thracian), Dibos=Divos (balto-thracian,phrigian,greek), Ddiou,Ddios (neapolitan,sardinian)”?                            ===========================                                                                                                             Proto-Semitic Noun *ʾil–                                                                                                                      1.”deitygod”

=================================================

From THE PHILISTINE SCRIPT AND INSCRIPTIONS (Excerpts from The Celtic Connection Revisited, unpublished material, 2014) By Michel-Gérald Boutet https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?zx=5altn8zeq797#inbox?projector=1

Although an early Indo-European presence was felt in the Canaan region after
the second millennium B.C.E, the Philistines along with the other Sea Peoples
make an abrupt entry into the Egyptian records just at around 1200. The
Philistines, purportedly from Bulgaria and Crimea, were of mixed Indo-European
nations mainly of Proto-Celtic Danubian, Aegean and Anatolian descent.These
Danubians, the Dananoi, or Danauoi in Greek, constituted of a number of
undifferentiated Indo-European tribes originally from the Pontic Crimean area of
the Black Sea that had settled on the western Anatolian coast and eventually on
the island of Cyprus. During the Bronze Age, their metallurgical skills gave them
the cutting edge and they were the ones responsible for prompting the Iron Age
in the Mediterranean basin.   ………….                                                                                           The Greeks called them the Pelesetes, the Assyrians, the Palastu or Pilistu, and
the Hebrew the Pelištīm.                                                                                                                   The origin of the name Pelesetes is thought to derive from the Indo-European
root word *pel-, pellis “skin, hide.” A Proto-Celtic root hints at a more plausible
etymology with pell-os/-a/-on, “far away, remote,” thu,s *pelletes, “those from far
away.” ……………..

The Philistine time line                                                                                                                                                    
1550 BCE Start of the Late Bronze Age with the Egyptian
conquest of the Canaanite coastline at the start of
the Eighteenth dynasty. The Mycenaean peoples
export their metallurgical skills and initiate local
production and trade.

1200 BCE The Sea Peoples invade Canaan and Egypt. The
Philistines take foot on the coast between Phoenicia and Egypt and put an end to the Late
Bronze Age.

1175 BCE Ramses III defeats the Sea Peoples including
Philistines and settles for an alliance with the
Philistines who accept to be confined to the coastal
plain of southern Canaan as a client nation.

1150 BCE Under Ramses III, the destruction of the city of
Lachish marks the final Egyptian withdrawal from
southern Canaan.

10th–7th centuries BCE The Philistines lose their military grip over the
surrounding peoples and their distinctive culture is
eclipsed by the surrounding kingdoms of Judea,
Israel and Phoenicia.

7 th-6th centuries BCE The Philistine city states suffer loss of population,
the seat of power and population is concentrated in
Ekron, an important political, agricultural and
commercial center.

After 600 BCE Total collapse of Philistine civilization and the
citadel of Ekron are left abandoned. The city did
not resist at the time of the Assyrian-Egyptian war
in 605 BCE and was destroyed.

586 BCE What is left of the remaining local Philistine
population is assimilated into the Judean and
Phoenician cultures. Jerusalem is destroyed by the
Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the local
elite and leaders are deported to Babylonia.
During their exile, the remaining Philistines, under
the protection of the Assyrians, occupy the Judean
border town of Beit Shemesh. They are finally
released under the Achaemenid Empire.
 c. 330 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Palestine Syria.

The Philistine Alphabet    ………….. It seems more likely,
however, that the script was the creation of Semitic Canaanites under the
influence of mixed Indo-European agents. ………….                                                                       Ba’al, “master, owner, lord,” theonym, the Canaanite and Phoenician
god Baal.
G’T < Gat or Gath, a Philistine place name. …………                                                                           Khyan (kōhēn, “priest”) and Apophis, betray a Semitic origin. ………….                                     So, at the end of the second millennium, the peoples of the Levant came into contact with the Anatolians and later on, with the Mycenaeans and Aegeans. The alphabet was just one of these innovations that would structure and consolidate this mobile and volatile society.  ……                                                                                                                             ….!must see! Table of Compared Indo-European and Semitic Proto-Scripts

!!!!!!!Tartaria!!!!!!????Turda?????????? :

“These same ethnic groups will later appear in
continental Europe as the co-founders of the Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Illyric
and Proto-Germanic ethnic groups. It now appears, judging from inscribed tablets
found in Israeli archaeological sites that the Philistine, as the Denen, were
originally Danubian Proto-Celts.
The Greek name Ταρτησσός, Tartessos, was coined from the Iberian place
name Turtha (from PIE root, *tur- < *tu̯er-, “to twirl, turn to grab, hold;” *tur-da,
“artificial mound, hill fort, oppidum,” and punning with torta, “wet, damp, place”).
It is of the same etymology as the Irish toponym Tara (from tura > turra > torra,
“knoll, hill, mound, earth heap”). The root element turd- is also found in the
names of surrounding Celtic Iberian ethnic groups such as the Turduli and
Turdetani. Judging from what wrote Strabo, Tartessos was called turdetania in
their language.
Strabo, in Geographica, Book III:
“From this river the country has received the name of Bætica; it is called
Turdetania by the inhabitants, who are themselves denominated Turdetani, and
Turduli. Some think these two names refer to one nation, while others believe
that they designate two distinct people. Of this latter opinion is Polybius, who
imagines that the Turduli dwell more to the north than the Turdetani. At the
present day however there does not appear to be any distinction between them.
These people are esteemed to be the most intelligent of all the Iberians; they
have an alphabet, and possess ancient writings, poems, and metrical laws six
thousand years old, as they say. The other Iberians are likewise furnished with an alphabet, although not of the same form, nor do they speak the same
language.”

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